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اختلالات شخصيت
Personality Disorders

شخصیت :
الگوی تکرار شونده ی
تفکّر، احساس و رفتار
Personality refers to all of the characteristics that adapt in unique ways to ever-changing internal and external environments.

Personality disorder: an enduring pattern of behavior and inner experiences that deviates significantly from the individual cultural standards; is rigidly pervasive; has an onset in the adolescence or early adulthood
Personality disorder: is stable through time; leads to unhappiness and impairment; and manifests in at least two of the following four areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal function and impulse control.
Ego syntonic ( acceptable to the ego, as opposed to ego dystonic) and alloplastic ( trying to alter the external environment rather than themselves )

10-20 percent of the general population and 50 percent of all psychiatric patients have a personality disorder.
شخصيت
Temperament
Nature
Character
Nurture
مزاج
منش
Professorship of Psychiatry, at Washington University Robert Cloninger
Empedocles
(490-430 BC)
Eros


Logos
Temperament through History
Hippocrates
the first to identify four elements in nature with four corresponding substances (humors) in human beings:

Air with blood (sanguine)
Water with phlegm (phlegmatic)
Fire with yellow bile (choleric)
Earth with black bile (melancholic)
....